Pediatric Neurology
Volume 25, Issue 2 , Pages 112-117 , August 2001

Basal ganglia motor function in relation to Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome

  • Jonathan W Mink, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Departments of Neurology, Anatomy, and Neurobiology and Pediatrics; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCommunications should be addressed to: Dr. Mink; Departments of Neurology, Anatomy, Neurobiology, and Pediatrics; Washington University School of Medicine; Box 8111; 660 S. Euclid Ave.; St. Louis, MO 63110

References 

  1. Jankovic J, Kirkpatrick J, Blomquist K, Langlais P, Bird E. Late-onset Hallervorden-Spatz disease presenting as familial parkinsonism. Neurology. 1985;35:227–234
  2. Dooling E, Schoene W, Richardson E. Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome. Arch Neurol. 1974;30:70–83
  3. Swaiman K. Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome and brain iron metabolism. Arch Neurol. 1991;30:1285–1293
  4. Kemp JM, Powell TPS. The corticostriate projection in the monkey. Brain. 1970;93:525–546
  5. Cherubini E, Herrling PL, Lanfumey L, Stanzione P. Excitatory amino acids in synaptic excitation of rat striatal neurones in vitro. J Physiol. 1988;400:677–690
  6. Bouyer JJ, Park DH, Joh TH, Pickel VM. Chem and structural analysis of the relation between cortical inputs and tyrosine hydroxylase-containing terminals in rat neostriatum. Brain Res. 1984;302:267–275
  7. Carpenter MB. Anatomy of the corpus striatum and brain stem integrating systems. In:  Brooks VB editors. Handbook of physiology (The nervous system). Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society; 1981;p. 947–995
  8. Sibley DR, Monsma FJ. Molecular biology of dopamine receptors. Trends Pharm Sci. 1992;13:61–69
  9. Surmeier DJ, Reiner A, Levine MS, Ariano MA. Are neostriatal dopamine receptors co-localized?. Trends Neurosci. 1993;16:299–305
  10. Lapper SR, Bolam JP. Input from the frontal cortex and the parafascicular nucleus to cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal striatum of the rat. Neuroscience. 1992;51:533–545
  11. Sadikot AF, Parent A, Francois C. Efferent connections of the centromedian and parafascicular thalamic nuclei in the squirrel monkey (A PHA-L study of subcortical projections). J Comp Neurol. 1992;315:137–159
  12. Izzo PN, Bolam JP. Cholinergic synaptic input to different parts of spiny striatonigral neurons in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1988;269:219–234
  13. Penny GR, Afsharpour S, Kitai ST. The glutamate decarboxylase-, leucine enkephalin-, methionine enkephalin- and substance P-immunoreactive neurons in the neostriatum of the rat and cat (evidence for partial population overlap). Neuroscience. 1986;17:1011–1045
  14. Bennett B, Bolam J. Synpatic input and output of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurones in the neostriatum of the rat. Neuroscience. 1994;62:707–719
  15. Ribak CE, Vaughn JE, Roberts E. The GABA neurons and their axon terminals in rat corpus striatum as demonstrated by GAD immunocytochemistry. J Comp Neurol. 1979;187:261–283
  16. Graybiel AM. Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in the basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci. 1990;13:244–254
  17. Gerfen CR, Engber TM, Mahan LC, et al.  D1 and D2 dopamine receptor-regulated gene expression of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. Science. 1990;250:1429–1432
  18. Gerfen CR, Young WS. Distribution of striatonigral and striatopallidal peptidergic neurons in both patch and matrix compartments (an in situ hybridization histochemistry and fluorescent retrograde tracing study). Brain Res. 1988;460:161–167
  19. Albin RL, Young AB, Penney JB. The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosci. 1989;12:366–375
  20. Graybiel AM, Ragsdale CW. Histochemically distinct compartments in the striatum of human, monkey and cat demonstrated by acetylcholinesterase staining. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1978;75:5723–5726
  21. Gerfen CR. The neostriatal mosaic (Multiple levels of compartmental organization in the basal ganglia). Ann Rev Neurosci. 1992;15:285–320
  22. Rouzaire-Dubois B, Scarnati E. Pharmacological study of the cortical-induced excitation of subthalamic nucleus neurons in the rat (evidence for amino acids as putative neurotransmitters). Neuroscience. 1987;21:429–440
  23. Fujimoto K, Kita H. Response characteristics of subthalamic neurons to the stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex in the rat. Brain Res. 1993;609:185–192
  24. Hartmann-von Monakow K, Akert K, Kunzle H. Projections of the precentral motor cortex and other cortical areas of the frontal lobe to the subthalamic nucleus in the monkey. Exp Brain Res. 1978;33:395–403
  25. Kita H, Chang HT, Kitai ST. Pallidal inputs to subthalamus (Intracellular analysis). Brain Res. 1983;264:255–265
  26. Rinvik E, Ottersen OP. Terminals of subthalamonigral fibres are enriched with glutamate-like immunoreactivity (An electron microscopic, immunogold analysis in the cat). J Chem Neuroanat. 1993;6:19–30
  27. Brotchie JM, Crossman AR. D-[3H]Aspartate and [14C]GABA uptake in the basal ganglia of rats following lesions in the subthalamic region suggest a role for excitatory amino acid but not GABA-mediated transmission in subthalamic nucleus efferents. Exp Neurol. 1991;113:171–181
  28. Parent A, Smith Y, Filion M, Dumas J. Distinct afferents to internal and external pallidal segments in the squirrel monkey. Neurosci Lett. 1989;96:140–144
  29. Kita H. Responses of globus pallidus neurons to cortical stimulation (intracellular study in the rat). Brain Res. 1992;589:84–90
  30. Maurice N, Deniau J, Glowinski J, Thierry A. Relationships between the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia in the rat (Physiology of the cortico-nigral circuits). J Neurosci. 1999;19:4674–4681
  31. Parent A, Hazrati L-N. Anatomical aspects of information processing in primate basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci. 1993;16:111–116
  32. Percheron G, Yelnik J, Francois C. A Golgi analysis of the primate globus pallidus. III. Spatial organization of the striato-pallidal complex. J Comp Neurol. 1984;227:214–227
  33. Francois C, Yelnik J, Percheron G. Golgi study of the primate substantia nigra. II. Spatial organization of dendritic arborizations in relation to the cytoarchitectonic boundaries and to the striatonigral bundle. J Comp Neurol. 1987;265:473–493
  34. Rye DB, Lee HJ, Saper CB, Wainer BH. Medullary and spinal efferents of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and adjacent mesopontine tegmentum in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1988;269:315–341
  35. Parent A, De Bellefeuille L. Organization of efferent projections from the internal segment of globus pallidus in primate as revealed bye fluorescence retrograde labelling method. Brain Res. 1982;245:201–213
  36. Penney JB, Young AB. Speculations on the functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Ann Rev Neurosci. 1983;6:73–94
  37. DeLong MR, Crutcher MD, Georgopoulos AP. Primate globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus (Functional organization). J Neurophysiol. 1985;53:530–543
  38. Georgopoulos AP, DeLong MR, Crutcher MD. Relation between parameters of step-tracking movements and single cell discharge in the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus of the behaving monkey. J Neurosci. 1983;3:1586–1598
  39. Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Ann Rev Neurosci. 1986;9:357–381
  40. Middleton FA, Strick PL. Anatomical evidence for cerebellar and basal ganglia involvement in higher cognitive function. Science. 1994;266:458–461
  41. Hoover JE, Strick PL. Multiple output channels in the basal ganglia. Science. 1993;259:819–821
  42. Mink JW. The basal ganglia (Focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs). Prog Neurobiol. 1996;50:381–425
  43. Richter R. Degeneration of the basal ganglia in monkeys from chronic carbon disulphide poisoning. J Neuropath Exp Neurol. 1945;4:324–353
  44. Denny-Brown D. The basal ganglia and their relation to disorders of movement. London: Oxford University Press; 1962;
  45. DeLong MR, Georgopoulos AP. Motor functions of the basal ganglia. In:  Brooks VB editors. Handbook of physiology (The nervous system). Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society; 1981;p. 1017–1062
  46. Mink JW, Thach WT. Basal ganglia motor control. III. Pallidal ablation (normal reaction time, muscle cocontraction, and slow movement). J Neurophysiol. 1991;65:330–351
  47. Mink JW, Thach WT. Basal ganglia intrinsic circuits and their role in behavior. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1993;3:950–957
  48. DeLong MR, Coyle JT. Globus pallidus lesions in the monkey produced by kainic acid (histologic and behavioral effects). Appl Neurophysiol. 1979;42:95–97
  49. Inase M, Buford JA, Anderson ME. Changes in the control of arm position, movement, and thalamic discharge during local inactivation in the globus pallidus of the monkey. J Neurophysiol. 1996;75:1087–1104
  50. Hikosaka O, Wurtz RH. Modification of saccadic eye movements by GABA-related substances. II. Effects of muscimol in monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. J Neurophysiol. 1985;53:292–308
  51. Hikosaka O, Wurtz RH. Modification of saccadic eye movements by GABA-related substances. I. Effect of muscimol and bicuculline in monkey superior colliculus. J Neurophysiol. 1985;53:266–291
  52. Thach WT, Mink JW, Goodkin HP, Keating JG. Combining versus gating motor programs (Differential roles for cerebellum and basal ganglia). In:  Mano N,  Hamada I,  DeLong MR editor. Role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in voluntary movement. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1993;p. 235–245
  53. Berardelli A, Rothwell JC, Hallett M, Thompson PD, Manfredi M, Marsden CD. The pathophysiology of primary dystonia. Brain. 1998;121(Pt 7):1195–1212
  54. Perlmutter JS, Tempel LW, Black KJ, Parkinson D, Todd RD. MPTP induces dystonia and parkinsonism. Clues to the pathophysiology of dystonia. Neurology. 1997;49:1432–1438

PII: S0887-8994(01)00270-3

Pediatric Neurology
Volume 25, Issue 2 , Pages 112-117 , August 2001