Pediatric Neurology
Volume 31, Issue 5 , Pages 311-317 , November 2004

Measuring gross motor recovery in young children with early brain injury

  • Meredith R. Golomb, MD, MSc*

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCommunications should be addressed to:Dr. Golomb; Riley Hospital, Rm 1757; 702 Barnhill Dr.; Indianapolis, IN 46202
    • ,
  • Bhuwan P. Garg, MBBS

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
    • ,
  • Linda S. Williams, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
    • Roudebush Veterans' Administration Medical Center, Health Services Research and Development, Indianapolis, Indiana
    • Regenstrief Institute for Health Care, Indianapolis, Indiana

Received 2 December 2003 ,Accepted 21 May 2004.

References 

  1. Langlois JAE. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: Assessing outcomes in children. Summary and recommendations from the expert working group, October 26-27, 2000. Division of Acute Care, Rehabilitation Research, and Disability Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, 2000.
  2. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Park MM, Sutton PD. Births: Final data for 2001. National Vital Statistics Reports, 2002;51(2):1-102. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
  3. WHO International classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1980.
  4. Altman DG . Practical statistics for medical research . London: Chapman and Hall; 1991;
  5. Russell DJ , Rosenbaum PL , Gowland C , et al.  Manual for the Gross Motor Function Measure . Hamilton: McMaster University; 1993;
  6. Msall ME , DiGaudio K , Rogers BT , et al.  The Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM): Conceptual basis and pilot use in children with developmental disabilities . Clin Pediatr (Phila) . 1994;33:421–430
  7. Hayley SM , Coster WJ , Ludlow LH , Haltiwanger JT , Andrellos PJ . Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) . Boston: New England Medical Center Hospitals; 1992;
  8. Folio MR, Fewell RR. Peabody Developmental Scales, 2nd ed. (kit). Nerang East QLD:Pro ed Australia, 2000.
  9. Folio RM , Fewell RF . Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, manual . Nashville: George Peabody College for Teachers; 1983;
  10. Frankenburg WK , Dodds J , Archer P , Shapiro H , Bresnick B . The Denver II: A major revision and restandardization of the Denver Developmental Screening Test . [see comments] Pediatrics . 1992;89:91–97
  11. Russell DJ , Rosenbaum PL , Avery LM , Lane M . Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66 & GMFM-88) user's manual . Hamilton, Ontario: MacKeith Press; 2002;
  12. McCarthy ML , Silberstein CE , Atkins EA , Harryman SE , Sponseller PD , Hadley-Miller NA . Comparing reliability and validity of pediatric instruments for measuring health and well-being of children with spastic cerebral palsy . Dev Med Child Neurol . 2002;44:468–476
  13. Nordmark E , Hagglund G , Jarnlo GB . Reliability of the Gross Motor Function Measure in cerebral palsy . Scand J Rehabil Med . 1997;29:25–28
  14. Russell D, Palisano R, Walter S, Rosenbaum P, Gemus M, Gowland C, et al. Evaluating motor function in children with Down syndrome: Validity of the GMFM . Dev Med Child Neurol . 1998;40:693–701
  15. Steinbok P , McLeod K . Comparison of motor outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy with and without preoperative intensified physiotherapy in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy . Pediatr Neurosurg . 2002;36:142–147
  16. McLaughlin J , Bjornson K , Temkin N , et al.  Selective dorsal rhizotomy: Meta-analysis of three randomized controlled trials . Dev Med Child Neurol . 2002;44:17–25
  17. Steinbok P . Outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy for spastic cerebral palsy . Childs Nerv Syst . 2001;17:1–18
  18. Hodgkinson I , Berard C , Jindrich ML , Sindou M , Mertens P , Berard J . Selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with cerebral palsy: Results in 18 cases at one year postoperatively . Stereotact Funct Neurosurg . 1997;69:259–267
  19. Russell DJ , Rosenbaum PL , Cadman DT , Gowland C , Hardy S , Jarvis S . The Gross Motor Function Measure: A means to evaluate the effects of physical therapy . Dev Med Child Neurol . 1989;31:341–352
  20. Keith RA , Granger CV , Hamilton BB , Sherwin FS . The Functional Independence Measure: A new tool for rehabilitation . Adv Clin Rehabil . 1987;1:6–18
  21. Ottenbacher KJ , Taylor ET , Msall ME , et al.  The stability and equivalence reliability of the Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM) . Dev Med Child Neurol . 1996;38:907–916
  22. Ziviani J , Ottenbacher KJ , Shephard K , Foreman S , Astbury W , Ireland P . Concurrent validity of the Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM) and the Pediatric Evaluation of Disabilities Inventory in children with developmental disabilities and acquired brain injuries . Phys Occup Ther Pediatr . 2001;21:91–9101
  23. Liu M , Toikawa H , Seki M , Domen K , Chino N . Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM): A preliminary study in nondisabled Japanese children . Am J Phys Med Rehabil . 1998;77:36–44
  24. Msall ME , Phelps DL , DiGaudio KM , et al.  Severity of neonatal retinopathy of prematurity is predictive of neurodevelopmental functional outcome at age 5.5 years . Behalf of the Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Pediatrics . 2000;106:998–991005
  25. Schneider JW , Gurucharri LM , Gutierrez AL , Gaebler-Spira DJ . Health-related quality of life and functional outcome measures for children with cerebral palsy . Dev Med Child Neurol . 2001;43:601–608
  26. Limperopoulos C , Majnemer A , Shevell MI , et al.  Functional limitations in young children with congenital heart defects after cardiac surgery . Pediatrics . 2001;108:1325–1331
  27. Msall ME , Tremont MR . Measuring functional status in children with genetic impairments . Am J Med Genet . 1999;89:62–74
  28. Whitlock JA , Hamilton BB . Functional outcome after rehabilitation for severe traumatic brain injury . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1995;76:1103–1112
  29. Ottenbacher KJ , Msall ME , Lyon N , et al.  The WeeFIM instrument: Its utility in detecting change in children with developmental disabilities . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 2000;81:1317–1326
  30. Feldman AB , Haley SM , Coryell J . Concurrent and construct validity of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory . Phys Ther . 1990;70:602–610
  31. Custers JW , Wassenberg-Severijnen JE , Van der Net J , Vermeer A , Hart HT , Helders PJ . Dutch adaptation and content validity of the “Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI)” . Disabil Rehabil . 2002;24:250–258
  32. Iyer LV , Haley SM , Watkins MP , Dumas HM . Establishing minimal clinically important differences for scores on the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory for inpatient rehabilitation . Phys Ther . 2003;83:888–898
  33. Wassenberg-Severijnen JE , Custers JW , Hox JJ , Vermeer A , Helders PJ . Reliability of the Dutch Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) . Clin Rehabil . 2003;17:457–462
  34. Haley SM , Fragala MA , Skrinar AM . Pompe disease and physical disability . Dev Med Child Neurol . 2003;45:618–623
  35. Palta M , Sadek-Badawi M , Evans M , Weinstein MR , McGuinnes G . Functional assessment of a multicenter very low-birth-weight cohort at age 5 years (Newborn Lung Project) . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med . 2000;154:23–30
  36. Engelbert RH , Beemer FA , van der Graaf Y , Helders PJ . Osteogenesis imperfecta in childhood: Impairment and disability—a follow-up study . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1999;80:896–903
  37. Norrlin S , Strinnholm M , Carlsson M , Dahl M . Factors of significance for mobility in children with myelomeningocele . Acta Paediatr . 2003;92:204–210
  38. Dumas HM , Haley SM , Fragala MA , Steva BJ . Self-care recovery of children with brain injury: Descriptive analysis using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) functional classification levels . Phys Occup Ther Pediatr . 2001;21:7–27
  39. Coster WJ , Haley S , Baryza MJ . Functional performance of young children after traumatic brain injury: A 6-month follow-up study . Am J Occup Ther . 1994;48:211–218
  40. Ketelaar M , Vermeer A , Helders PJ . Functional motor abilities of children with cerebral palsy: A systematic literature review of assessment measures . Clin Rehabil . 1998;12:369–380
  41. Ketelaar M , Vermeer A , Hart H , van Petegem-van Beek E , Helders PJ . Effects of a functional therapy program on motor abilities of children with cerebral palsy . Phys Ther . 2001;81:1534–1545
  42. Awaad Y , Tayem H , Munoz S , Ham S , Michon AM , Awaad R . Functional assessment following intrathecal baclofen therapy in children with spastic cerebral palsy . J Child Neurol . 2003;18:26–34
  43. Folio MR , Fewell RR . Peabody Developmental Motor Scale (kit) . Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing Company; 1983;
  44. Ducote SS, Philibert DB. Tests can help prove NDT efficiency. NDTA Network 2001; www.ndta.org/edu/Table/Ducote.Breath.xls.
  45. Kolobe TH , Palisano RJ , Stratford PW . Comparison of two outcome measures for infants with cerebral palsy and infants with motor delays . Phys Ther . 1998;78:1062–1072
  46. Palisano RJ . Concurrent and predictive validities of the Bayley Motor Scale and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales . Phys Ther . 1986;66:1714–1719
  47. Provost B , Crowe TK , McClain C . Concurrent validity of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II Motor Scale and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales in two-year-old children . Phys Occup Ther Pediatr . 2000;20:5–18
  48. Bartlett DJ , Okun NB , Byrne PJ , Watt JM , Piper MC . Early motor development of breech- and cephalic-presenting infants . Obstet Gynecol . 2000;95:425–432
  49. Goyen TA , Lui K . Longitudinal motor development of “apparently normal” high-risk infants at 18 months, 3 and 5 years . Early Hum Dev . 2002;70:103–115
  50. Sommerfelt K , Sonnander K , Skranes J , et al.  Neuropsychologic and motor function in small-for-gestation preschoolers . Pediatr Neurol . 2002;26:186–191
  51. Willis JK , Morello A , Davie A , Rice JC , Bennett JT . Forced use treatment of childhood hemiparesis . Pediatrics . 2002;110:94–96
  52. Mahoney FL , Barthel D . Functional evaluation: The Barthel index . Maryland State Med J . 1965;14:56–61
  53. Kwiatkowski TG , Libman RB , Frankel M , et al.  Effects of tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke at one year (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Stroke Study Group) . N Engl J Med . 1999;340:1781–1787
  54. Liu C , Playford ED , Thompson AJ . Does neurorehabilitation have a role in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis? . J Neurol . 2003;250:1214–1218
  55. Firchow N. Child development: 3- to 5- year-olds. Available online at http://SchwabLearning.org. Accessed on September 8, 2004.
  56. Jennett B , Bond M . Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage . Lancet . 1975;1:480–484
  57. Wilson JT , Pettigrew LE , Teasdale GM . Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale: Guidelines for their use . J Neurotrauma . 1998;15:573–585
  58. Ronen GM , Rosenbaum MP , Streiner DL . Outcome measures in pediatric neurology: Why do we need them? . J Child Neurol . 2000;15:775–780
  59. Boyce WF , Gowland C , Hardy S , et al.  Development of a quality-of-movement measure for children with cerebral palsy . Phys Ther . 1991;71:820–828 discussion 828-32
  60. Gowland C , Boyce WF , Wright V , Russell DJ , Goldsmith CH , Rosenbaum PL . Reliability of the Gross Motor Performance Measure . Phys Ther . 1995;75:597–602
  61. Bruininks RH . Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (kit) . Minneapolis: American Guidance Service; 1978;
  62. Bayley N . Bayley Scales of Infant Development (kit) . New York: The Psychological Corporation; 1969;
  63. Piper MC , Darrah J . Motor assessment of the developing infant . Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1994;
  64. Miller LJ . Miller Assessment for Preschoolers . Littleton, CO: Foundation for Knowledge in Development; 1982;
  65. Cintas HL , Siegel KL , Furst GP , Gerber LH . Brief Assessment of Motor Function: Reliability and concurrent validity of the Gross Motor Scale . Am J Phys Med Rehabil . 2003;82:33–41
  66. deVeber GA , MacGregor D , Curtis R , Mayank S . Neurologic outcome in survivors of childhood arterial ischemic stroke and sinovenous thrombosis . J Child Neurol . 2000;15:316–324

PII: S0887-8994(04)00289-9

doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.05.011

Pediatric Neurology
Volume 31, Issue 5 , Pages 311-317 , November 2004

Article Tools