Pediatric Neurology
Volume 34, Issue 2 , Pages 93-100 , February 2006

Acute Infantile Encephalopathy Predominantly Affecting the Frontal Lobes

  • Hideo Yamanouchi, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
    • Corresponding Author InformationCommunication should be addressed to:Dr. Yamanouchi; Department of Pediatrics; Dokkyo University School of Medicine; 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu; Shimotsuga; Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
  • ,
  • Naoko Kawaguchi, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
  • ,
  • Masato Mori, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
  • ,
  • George Imataka, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
  • ,
  • Takanori Yamagata, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
  • ,
  • Teisuke Hashimoto, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
  • ,
  • Mariko Y. Momoi, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
  • ,
  • Mitsuoki Eguchi, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
  • ,
  • Masashi Mizuguchi, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan

Received 22 April 2005 ,Accepted 10 June 2005.

References 

  1. Glasgow JF , Middleton B . Reye syndrome (Insights on causation and prognosis) . Arch Dis Child . 2001;85:351–353
  2. Salih MAM , Kabiraj M , Al-Jarallah AS , Desouki ME , Othman S , Palkar VA . Hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome (A clinical, electroencephalographic and neuroradiological study) . Childs Nerv Syst . 1997;13:257–263
  3. Mizuguchi M , Abe J , Mikkaichi K , et al.   Acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood (A new syndrome presenting with multifocal, symmetric brain lesions) . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1995;58:555–561
  4. Chaves-Carballo E , Montes JE , Nelson WB , Chrenka BA . Hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy (Clinical definition of a catastrophic syndrome in infants) . Am J Dis Child . 1990;144:1079–1082
  5. Bennetto L , Scolding N . Inflammatory/post-infectious encephalomyelitis . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 2004;75(Suppl. 1):i22–i28
  6. Sato S , Kumada S , Koji T , Okaniwa M . Reversible frontal lobe syndrome associated with influenza virus infection in children . Pediatr Neurol . 2000;22:318–321
  7. Shiomi M , Togawa M , Kawawaki H , Tomiwa K , Ozaki H . Six cases of convulsive status with fever showing symmetrical lobar edema (On the importance of ‘convulsive status type’ in the classification of influenza-associated encephalopathy) . In:  Morishima T editors. 2001 Annual report of the research committee on the epidemiology and pathomechanism of encephalitis/encephalopathy occurring during the clinical course of influenza . Tokyo: Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Japan; 2002;p. 61–71 (In Japanese)
  8. Kuji I , Sumiya H , Niida Y , et al.   Age-related changes in the cerebral distribution of 99mTc-ECD from infancy to adulthood . J Nucl Med . 1999;40:1818–1823
  9. Kato T , Okuyama K . Assessment of maturation and impairment of the brain I-123 iodoamphetamine SPECT and MR imaging in children . Showa Univ J Med Sci . 1993;5:99–114
  10. Chugani HT , Phelps ME , Mazziotta JC . Positron emission tomography study of human brain functional development . Ann Neurol . 1987;22:487–497
  11. Hahn YS , Chyung C , Barthel MJ , Bailes J , Flannery AM , McLone DG . Head injuries in children under 36 months of age (Demography and outcome) . Childs Nerv Syst . 1988;4:34–40
  12. Fenichel GM . Altered states of consciousness . In:  Fenichel GM editors. Clinical pediatric neurology . 5th ed.. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2005;p. 47–75
  13. Brass SD , Caramanos Z , Santos C , Dilenge ME , Lapierre Y , Rosenblatt B . Multiple sclerosis vs acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in childhood . Pediatr Neurol . 2003;29:227–231
  14. Kim JA , Chung JI , Yoon PH , et al.   Transient MR signal changes in patients with generalized tonicoclonic seizure or status epilepticus (Periictal diffusion-weighted imaging) . Am J Neuroradiol . 2001;22:1149–1160
  15. Alsop DC , Connelly A , Duncan JS , Hufnagel A , Pierpaoli C , Rugg-Gunn FJ . Diffusion and perfusion MRI in epilepsy . Epilepsia . 2002;43(Suppl. 1):69–77
  16. Niedermeyer E . Frontal lobe functions and dysfunctions . Clin Electroencephalogr . 1998;29:79–90
  17. Saper C , Iversen S , Frackowiak R . Integration of sensory and motor function (The association areas of the cerebral cortex and the cognitive capabilities of the brain) . In:  Kandel ER ,  Schwartz JH ,  Jessell TM editor. Principles of neural science . 4th ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000;p. 349–380
  18. Dehaene-Lambertz G , Dehaene S , Hertz-Pannier L . Functional neuroimaging of speech perception in infants . Science . 2002;298:2013–2015
  19. Diamond A , Rakic-Goldman PS . Comparison of human infants and rhesus monkeys on Piaget’s AB task (Evidence for dependence on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) . Exp Brain Res . 1989;74:24–40
  20. Herschkowitz N . Neurological bases of behavioral development in infancy . Brain Dev . 2000;22:411–416
  21. Anderson SW , Bechara A , Damasio H , Tranel D , Damasio AR . Impairment of social and moral behavior related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex . Nat Neurosci . 1999;2:1032–1037
  22. Ichiyama T , Nishikawa M , Yoshitomi T , Hayashi T , Furukawa S . Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1b, and interleukin-6 in cerebrospinal fluid from children with prolonged febrile seizures (Comparison with acute encephalitis/encephalopathy) . Neurology . 1998;50:407–411
  23. Campbell IL , Abraham CR , Masliah E , et al.   Neurologic disease induced in transgenic mice by cerebral overexpression of interleukin 6 . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1993;90:10061–10065
  24. Heyser CJ , Masliah E , Samimi A , Campbell IL , Gold LH . Progressive decline in avoidance learning paralleled by inflammatory neurodegeneration in transgenic mice expressing interleukin 6 in the brain . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1997;94:1500–1505
  25. Van Wagoner NJ , Benveniste EN . Interleukin-6 expression and regulation in astrocytes . J Neuroimmunol . 1999;100:124–139
  26. Mikati MA , Abi-Habib RJ , El Sabban ME , et al.   Hippocampal programmed cell death after status epilepticus (Evidence for NMDA-receptor and ceramide-mediated mechanisms) . Epilepsia . 2003;44:282–291
  27. Nakai Y , Itoh M , Mizuguchi M , et al.   Apoptosis and microglia activation in influenza encephalopathy . Acta Neuropathol . 2003;105:233–239
  28. Ali C , Nicole O , Docagne F , et al.   Ischemia-induced interleukin-6 as a potential endogenous neuroprotective cytokine against NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in the brain . J Cereb Blood Flow Metab . 2000;20:956–966

PII: S0887-8994(05)00403-0

doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.08.002

Pediatric Neurology
Volume 34, Issue 2 , Pages 93-100 , February 2006