Pediatric Neurology
Volume 38, Issue 5 , Pages 321-328 , May 2008

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Children With Bilateral Spastic Forms of Cerebral Palsy

  • Anu Sööt, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
    • Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
  • ,
  • Tiiu Tomberg, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
    • Department of Radiology, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.
  • ,
  • Pille Kool, BSc

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  • ,
  • Reet Rein, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  • ,
  • Tiina Talvik, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
    • Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCommunications should be addressed to: Dr. Talvik; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu; Lunini 6; 51014 Tartu, Estonia.

Received 18 October 2007 ,Accepted 28 December 2007.

References 

  1. Stanley F, Blair E, Alberman E. Cerebral palsies: Epidemiology and causal pathways. Clin Dev Med. 2000;151:14–194
  2. Cans C, Guillem P, Baille F, et al. Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe: A collaboration of cerebral palsy surveys and registers. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000;42:816–824
  3. Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (Prevalence and characteristics of children with cerebral palsy in Europe). Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:633–640
  4. Bax M, Goldstein M, Rosenbaum P, et al. Executive Committee for the Definition of Cerebral Palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005;47:571–576
  5. Russman BS, Ashwal S. Evaluation of the child with cerebral palsy. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2004;11:47–57
  6. Goldstein M. The treatment of cerebral palsy: What we know, what we don't know. J Pediatr. 2004;145(Suppl.):S42–S46
  7. Mutch LW, Alberman E, Hagberg B, Kodama K, Perat MV. Cerebral palsy epidemiology: Where we are now and where we are going?. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1992;34:547–551
  8. Badawi N, Watson L, Petterson B, et al. What constitutes cerebral palsy?. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:520–527
  9. Talvik T, Stelmach T, Gross-Paju K. Cerebral palsy in the 21st century. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2003;7:362
  10. Shapiro BK. Cerebral palsy: A reconceptualization of the spectrum. J Pediatr. 2004;145(Suppl.):S3–S7
  11. Talvik T, Haldre S, Sööt A, Hämarik M, Piirsoo A, Mikelsaar A-V. Creatine kinase isoenzyme BB concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in asphyxiated preterm neonates. Acta Paediatr (Scand). 1995;84:1183–1187
  12. Cowan F, Rutherford M, Groenendaal F, et al. Origin and timing of brain lesions in term infants with neonatal encephalopathy. Lancet. 2003;361:736–742
  13. Hagberg B, Hagberg G, Beckung E, Uvebrant P. Changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden (VIII. Prevalence and origin in the birth year period 1991-94). Acta Paediatr (Scand). 2001;90:271–277
  14. Himmelmann K, Hagberg G, Beckung E, Hagberg B, Uvebrant P. The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden (IX. Prevalence and origin in the birth-year period 1995-1998). Acta Paediatr (Scand). 2005;94:287–294
  15. Meberg A, Broch HA. Changing pattern of cerebral palsy (Declining trend for incidence of cerebral palsy in the 20-year period 1970-89). J Perinat Med. 1995;23:395–402
  16. Fitzhardinge PM, Flodmark O, Fitz CR, Ashby S. The prognostic value of computed tomography as an adjunct to assessment of the term infant with postasphyxial encephalopathy. J Pediatr. 1981;99:777–781
  17. Talvik T, Tomberg T, Tolpats V, et al. Clinical and computerized tomographic correlations in children with cerebral palsy [in Russian]. Zh Nervopatol Psikhiatr Imeni SS Korsakova. 1989;89:74–77
  18. Accardo J, Kammann H, Hoon HA. Neuroimaging in cerebral palsy. J Pediatr. 2004;145(Suppl.):S19–S27
  19. Rutherford MA. What‘s new in neuroimaging? (Magnetic resonance imaging of the immature brain). Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2002;6:5–13
  20. Banker LL, Larroche JC. Periventricular leucomalacia of infancy. Arch Neurol. 1962;7:386–410
  21. Hoon AH, Lawrie WT, Melhem ER, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of periventricular leucomalacia shows affected sensory cortex white matter pathways. Neurology. 2002;59:752–756
  22. Sarnat HB, Sarnat MS. Neonatal encephalopathy following fetal distress (A clinical and electroencephalographic study). Arch Neurol. 1976;33:696–705
  23. Talvik T. Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonates (clinical, biochemical and brain computed tomographical investigation) [dissertation]. Tartu: Tartu University Press; 1992;in Russian
  24. Kwong KL, Wong YC, Fong CM, Fong CM, Wong SN, So KT. Magnetic resonance imaging in 122 children with spastic cerebral palsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2004;31:172–176
  25. Kulak W, Sobaniec W, Kubas B, et al. Spastic cerebral palsy: Clinical magnetic resonance imaging correlation of 129 children. J Child Neurol. 2007;22:8–14
  26. Colver AF, Sethumadhavan T. The term diplegia should be abandoned. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88:286–290
  27. Little WJ. On the influence of abnormal parturition, difficult labour, premature birth and asphyxia neonatorum on the mental and physical condition of the child, especially in relation to deformities. Lancet. 1862;ii:378–380
  28. Simon NP. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of asphyxiated newborns. Clin Perinatol. 1999;26:767–778
  29. Hoon AH. Neuroimaging in cerebral palsy: Patterns of brain dysgenesis and injury. J Child Neurol. 2005;20:936–939
  30. Maalouf EF, Duggan PJ, Rutherford MA, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in a cohort of extremely preterm infants. J Pediatr. 1999;135:351–357
  31. Leviton A, Gilles F. Acquired perinatal telencephalic leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol. 1984;16:1–8
  32. Sie LT, van der Knaap MS, Oosting J, de Vries LS, Lafeber HN, Valk J. MR patterns of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage after prenatal, perinatal or postnatal asphyxia. J Neuropediatr. 2000;31:128–136
  33. Rutherford M, Pennock J, Schwieso J, Cowan F, Dubowitz L. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: Early and late magnetic resonance imaging findings in relation to outcome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1996;75:F145–F151
  34. Krageloh-Mann I, Helber A, Mader I, et al. Bilateral lesions of thalamus and basal ganglia: Origin and outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:477–484
  35. Bodensteiner JB, Johnsen SD. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children surviving extremely premature delivery and extremely low birth weight with cerebral palsy. J Child Neurol. 2006;21:743–747
  36. Volpe JJ. Cerebral white matter injury of the premature infant—More common than you think. Pediatrics. 2003;112:176–180

PII: S0887-8994(08)00015-5

doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.12.011

Pediatric Neurology
Volume 38, Issue 5 , Pages 321-328 , May 2008