Pediatric Neurology
Volume 41, Issue 1 , Pages 9-16 , July 2009

Narcolepsy: Action of Two γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type B Agonists, Baclofen and Sodium Oxybate

  • Yu-Shu Huang, MD

      Affiliations

    • Sleep Disorders Clinic, Department of Child Psychiatry, Chang Gung University Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
    • Stanford University Sleep Disorders Clinic, Stanford, California
    • Corresponding Author InformationCommunications should be addressed to: Dr. Huang; Sleep Disorders Center and Department of Psychiatry; Chang-Gung University Memorial Hospital; Taoyuang; Taipei, Taiwan.
    • ,
  • Christian Guilleminault, MD, BiolD

      Affiliations

    • Stanford University Sleep Disorders Clinic, Stanford, California

Received 17 April 2008 ,Accepted 10 February 2009.

References 

  1. Nevsimalova S. Narcolepsy in children and adolescents. In:  Bassetti C,  Billiard M,  Mignot E editor. Narcolepsy and hypersomnia. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2007;p. 67–75
  2. Guilleminault C, Pelayo R. Narcolepsy in prepubertal children. Ann Neurol. 1998;43:135–142
  3. Murali H, Kotagal S. Off-label treatment of severe childhood narcolepsy–cataplexy with sodium oxybate. Sleep. 2006;29:1025–1029
  4. Laborit H. Sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate. Int J Neuropharmacol. 1964;3:433–451
  5. Roth RH, Giarman NJ. Natural occurrence of γ-hydroxybutyric acid in mammalian brain. Biochem Pharmacol. 1970;19(Suppl. 1):1087–1093
  6. Walters J, Roth RH. γ-Hydroxybutyrate: consideration of endogenous role and therapeutic potential. In:  Usdin E,  Hamburg DA,  Barchas JD editor. Neuroregulators and psychiatric disorders. New York: Oxford University Press; 1977;p. 403–415
  7. Doherty JD, Hattox SE, Snead OC, Roth RH. Identification of endogenous γ-hydroxybutyrate in human and bovine brain and its regional distribution in human, guinea pig and rhesus monkey brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1978;207:130–139
  8. Snead OC. γ-Hydroxybutyrate. Life Sci. 1977;20:1935–1943
  9. Kuschinsky W, Suda S, Sokoloff L. Influence of γ-hydroxybutyrate on the relationship between local cerebral glucose utilization and local cerebral blood flow in the rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1985;5:58–64
  10. Gessa GL, Vargiu L, Crabai F, Boero GC, Caboni F, Camba R. Selective increase of brain dopamine induced by γ-hydroxybutyrate. Life Sci. 1966;5:1921–1930
  11. Roth RH. Striatal dopamine and γ-hydroxybutyrate. Pharmacol Ther [B]. 1976;2:71–88
  12. Broughton R, Mamelak M. γ-Hydroxybutyrate in the treatment of narcolepsy: a preliminary report. In:  Guilleminault C,  Dement WC,  Passouant P editor. Narcolepsy: proceedings of the First International Symposium on Narcolepsy, July 1975, Montpellier, France. New York: Spectrum Publications; 1976;p. 659–668
  13. U.S. Xyrem Multicenter Study Group. A randomized double blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial comparing the effects of three doses of orally administered sodium oxybate with placebo on the treatment of narcolepsy. Sleep. 2002;25:42–49
  14. U.S. Xyrem Multicenter Study Group. Sodium oxybate demonstrates long-term efficacy for the treatment of cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2004;5:119–123
  15. Black J, Houghton WC. Sodium oxybate improves excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy. Sleep. 2006;29:939–946
  16. Mamelak M, Black J, Montplaisir J, Ristanovic R. A pilot study on the effects of sodium oxybate on sleep architecture and daytime alertness in narcolepsy. Sleep. 2004;27:1327–1334
  17. Pen RD, Kroin JS. Intrathecal baclofen alleviates spinal cord spasticity. Lancet. 1984;1(8385):1078
  18. Albright AL, Cervi A, Singletary J. Intrathecal baclofen for spasticity in cerebral palsy. JAMA. 1991;265:1418–1422
  19. Bensmail D, Quera Salva MA, Roche N, et al. Effect of intrathecal baclofen on sleep and respiratory function in patients with spasticity. Neurology. 2006;67:1432–1436
  20. Guilleminault C, Flagg W. Effect of baclofen on sleep-related periodic leg movements. Ann Neurol. 1984;15:234–239
  21. Darbari FP, Melvin JJ, Piatt JH, Adirim TA, Kothare SV. Intrathecal baclofen overdose followed by withdrawal: clinical and EEG features. Pediatr Neurol. 2005;33:373–377
  22. U.S. Modafinil in Narcolepsy Multicenter Study Group. Randomized trial of modafinil for the treatment of pathological somnolence in narcolepsy. Ann Neurol. 1998;43:88–97
  23. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual. 2nd ed.. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005;
  24. Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep. 1991;14:540–545
  25. Drake C, Nickel C, Burduvali E, Roth T, Jefferson C, Pietro B. The Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS): sleep habits and school outcomes in middle-school children. Sleep. 2003;26:455–458
  26. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research. The Report of an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force. Sleep. 1999;22:667–689
  27. American Sleep Disorders Association. Recording and scoring leg movements: The Atlas Task Force. Sleep. 1993;16:748–759
  28. Roehrs T, Carskadon MA, Dement WC, et al. Daytime sleepiness and alertness. In:  Kryger MH,  Roth T,  Dement WC editor. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier-Saunders; 2005;p. 39–50
  29. Rechtschaffen A, Kales A. Manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness; 1968;
  30. American Sleep Disorders Association. EEG arousals: scoring rules and examples: a preliminary report from the Sleep Disorders Atlas Task Force of the American Sleep Disorders Association. Sleep. 1992;15:173–184
  31. Lecendreux M, Maret S, Bassetti C, Mouren MC, Tafti M. Clinical efficacy of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins near the onset of narcolepsy in a 10-year-old boy. J Sleep Res. 2003;12:347–348
  32. Dauvilliers Y, Carlander B, Rivier F, Touchon J, Tafti M. Successful management of cataplexy with intravenous immunoglobulins at narcolepsy onset. Ann Neurol. 2004;56:905–908
  33. Zuberi SM, Mignot E, Ling L, McArthur I. Variable response to intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in childhood narcolepsy. [Abstract] J Sleep Res. 2004;13(Suppl. 1):828

PII: S0887-8994(09)00082-4

doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2009.02.008

Pediatric Neurology
Volume 41, Issue 1 , Pages 9-16 , July 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution