Pediatric Neurology
Volume 41, Issue 6 , Pages 406-412 , December 2009

Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Predicts Cognition in Pediatric Brain Injury

  • Talin Babikian, PhD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
    • Corresponding Author InformationCommunications should be addressed to: Dr. Babikian; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences; David Geffen School of Medicine; 760 Westwood Plaza, Room C8-746; Los Angeles, CA 90024.
  • ,
  • Karen A. Tong, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
  • ,
  • Nicholas R. Galloway, BA

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
  • ,
  • Mary-Catherin Freier-Randall, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
    • Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
  • ,
  • André Obenaus, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
    • Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
    • Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
  • ,
  • Stephen Ashwal, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California

Received 29 December 2008 ,Accepted 6 June 2009.

References 

  1. Giza C. Traumatic brain injury in children. In:  Swaiman KF,  Ashwal S,  Ferriero DM editor. Pediatric neurology: principles & practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2006;p. 1401–1443
  2. Babikian T, Asarnow R. Neurocognitive outcomes and recovery after pediatric TBI: meta-analytic review of the literature. Neuropsychology. 2009;23:283–296
  3. Kraus JF. Epidemiological features of brain injury in children: occurrence, children at risk, causes and manner of injury, severity, and outcomes. In:  Broman SH,  Michel ME editor. Traumatic head injury in children. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995;p. 22–39
  4. Bigler ED. Neuroimaging in pediatric traumatic head injury: diagnostic considerations and relationships to neurobehavioral outcome. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1999;14:406–423
  5. Ashwal S, Holshouser BA, Shu SK, et al. Predictive value of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in pediatric closed head injury. Pediatr Neurol. 2000;23:114–125
  6. Ashwal S, Holshouser BA, Tong KA. Use of advanced neuroimaging techniques in the evaluation of pediatric traumatic brain injury. Dev Neurosci. 2006;28:309–326
  7. Obenaus A, Ashwal S. Magnetic resonance imaging in cerebral ischemia: focus on neonates. Neuropharmacology. 2008;55:271–280
  8. Suh DY, Davis PC, Hopkins KL, Fajman NN, Mapstone TB. Nonaccidental pediatric head injury: diffusion-weighted imaging findings. Neurosurgery. 2001;49:309–318discussion 318-20
  9. Hergan K, Schaefer PW, Sorensen AG, Gonzalez RG, Huisman TA. Diffusion-weighted MRI in diffuse axonal injury of the brain. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:2536–2541
  10. Chien D, Kwong KK, Gress DR, Buonanno FS, Buxton RB, Rosen BR. MR diffusion imaging of cerebral infarction in humans. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1992;13:1097–1102discussion 1103-5
  11. Kidwell CS, Alger JR, di Salle F, et al. Diffusion MRI in patients with transient ischemic attacks. Stroke. 1999;30:1174–1180
  12. Takayama H, Kobayashi M, Sugishita M, Mihara B. Diffusion-weighted imaging demonstrates transient cytotoxic edema involving the corpus callosum in a patient with diffuse brain injury. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2000;102:135–139
  13. Liu AY, Maldjian JA, Bagley LJ, Sinson GP, Grossman RI. Traumatic brain injury: diffusion-weighted MR imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20:1636–1641
  14. Huisman TA, Sorensen AG, Hergan K, Gonzalez RG, Schaefer PW. Diffusion-weighted imaging for the evaluation of diffuse axonal injury in closed head injury. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2003;27:5–11
  15. Jones DK, Dardis R, Ervine M, et al. Cluster analysis of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance images in human head injury. Neurosurgery. 2000;47:306–313discussion 313-4
  16. Huisman TA, Schwamm LH, Schaefer PW, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging as potential biomarker of white matter injury in diffuse axonal injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:370–376
  17. Nakahara M, Ericson K, Bellander BM. Diffusion-weighted MR and apparent diffusion coefficient in the evaluation of severe brain injury. Acta Radiol. 2001;42:365–369
  18. Salmond CH, Menon DK, Chatfield DA, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in chronic head injury survivors: correlations with learning and memory indices. Neuroimage. 2006;29:117–124
  19. Goetz P, Blamire A, Rajagopalan B, Cadoux-Hudson T, Young D, Styles P. Increase in apparent diffusion coefficient in normal appearing white matter following human traumatic brain injury correlates with injury severity. J Neurotrauma. 2004;21:645–654
  20. Benson RR, Meda SA, Vasudevan S, et al. Global white matter analysis of diffusion tensor images is predictive of injury severity in traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24:446–459
  21. Shanmuganathan K, Gullapalli RP, Mirvis SE, Roys S, Murthy P. Whole-brain apparent diffusion coefficient in traumatic brain injury: correlation with Glasgow Coma Scale score. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:539–544
  22. Zheng WB, Liu GR, Kong KM, Wu RH. Coma duration prediction in diffuse axonal injury: analyses of apparent diffusion coefficient and clinical prognostic factors. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2006;1:1052–1055
  23. Hou DJ, Tong KA, Ashwal S, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging improves outcome prediction in adult traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24:1558–1569
  24. Lee ZI, Byun WM, Jang SH, Ahn SH, Moon HK, Chang Y. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging of microstructural abnormalities in children with brain injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;82:556–559
  25. Wilde EA, McCauley SR, Hunter JV, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of acute mild traumatic brain injury in adolescents. Neurology. 2008;70:948–955
  26. Levin HS, Wilde EA, Chu Z, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in relation to cognitive and functional outcome of traumatic brain injury in children. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2008;23:197–208
  27. Galloway NR, Tong KA, Ashwal S, Oyoyo U, Obenaus A. Diffusion-weighted imaging improves outcome prediction in pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2008;25:1153–1162
  28. Gilles EE. Nonaccidental head injury. In:  Swaiman KF,  Ashwal S editor. Pediatric neurology: principles & practice. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1999;p. 898–914
  29. Geddes JF, Vowles GH, Hackshaw AK, Nickols CD, Scott IS, Whitwell HL. Neuropathology of inflicted head injury in children: II. Microscopic brain injury in infants. Brain. 2001;124:1299–1306
  30. Babikian T, Freier MC, Ashwal S, Riggs ML, Burley T, Holshouser BA. MR spectroscopy: predicting long-term neuropsychological outcome following pediatric TBI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006;24:801–811
  31. Babikian T, Freier MC, Tong KA, et al. Susceptibility weighted imaging: neuropsychologic outcome and pediatric head injury. Pediatr Neurol. 2005;33:184–194
  32. Van Putten HP, Bouwhuis MG, Muizelaar JP, Lyeth BG, Berman RF. Diffusion-weighted imaging of edema following traumatic brain injury in rats: effects of secondary hypoxia. J Neurotrauma. 2005;22:857–872
  33. Obenaus A, Robbins M, Blanco G, et al. Multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging alterations in two rat models of mild neurotrauma. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24:1147–1160
  34. Ulug AM. Monitoring brain development with quantitative diffusion tensor imaging. Dev Sci. 2002;5:286–292
  35. Schneider JF, Il'yasov KA, Hennig J, Martin E. Fast quantitative diffusion-tensor imaging of cerebral white matter from the neonatal period to adolescence. Neuroradiology. 2004;46:258–266
  36. Mukherjee P, Miller JH, Shimony JS, et al. Normal brain maturation during childhood: developmental trends characterized with diffusion-tensor MR imaging. Radiology. 2001;221:349–358
  37. Neil J, Miller J, Mukherjee P, Hüppi PS. Diffusion tensor imaging of normal and injured developing human brain: a technical review. NMR Biomed. 2002;15:543–552

PII: S0887-8994(09)00314-2

doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2009.06.002

Pediatric Neurology
Volume 41, Issue 6 , Pages 406-412 , December 2009